Iskomunidad - User contributions [en]

UNVEILED: THE DECISION OF RELIGIOUS SISTERS TO LEAVE THE CONVENT

2012-11-23T07:25:17Z

Kfcandido: New page: AVEGAIL M. ALAPIDE M.A. Psychology (2009) Department of Psychology Abstract This study is about the decision-making process of former religious sisters who lea...

AVEGAIL M. ALAPIDE 
M.A. Psychology (2009) 
Department of Psychology 

Abstract 

This study is about the decision-making process of former religious sisters who leave the convent. It will show us the process, reasons and the purpose or significance of the departure. Fourteen participants from eight different active congregations (members are involved in a particular work outside the convent vs contemplative whose members are cloistered) with age range of 30-34 years old (n=5); 35-39 years old (n=2); 40-44 years old (n=6); and 45-49 years old (n=1) joined the study. Three were originally from Manila and 11 were originally from the provinces but have chosen to stay in Manila (Luzon-2; Visayas-5; Mindanao-4). Participants were recruited through snowball sampling which started in a theological school where ex-sisters were either students or part of the staff. As a qualitative study, an in-depth, semi-structured interview was used as a method. The study presented the 10 phases in the decision-making process of religious sisters about leaving the convent. Most had problems arising from within the convent (n=11) and stayed within the span of 5-9 years (n=8). Eleven were in temporal vows (vs perpetual vows or lifetime membership (n=3)) when they leave the fold. One participant became a religious sister again while three are now seeking re-admission. Those who are joining a religious congregation once more will renew the instrumental commitment or commitment to the organization (Kanter 1972; 1977) which was weakened when they left. Meanwhile, for those who have remained as ex-sisters, the two other levels of commitment: affective or commitment to the belonging system, i.e. former co-sisters; and moral, commitment to the meaning system, i.e. ideals of religious life and God, remain alive.

TUNOG SA PAGDADALUMAT NG “TAGALOG” (1571-1907)

2012-11-23T07:22:13Z

Kfcandido: New page: LARS RAYMUND CORTUNA UBALDO Ph.D History (Marso 2009) Department of History Abstract Nakatuon ang pag-aaral na ito sa pangkasaysayang pagpapakahulugan sa “Ta...

LARS RAYMUND CORTUNA UBALDO 
Ph.D History (Marso 2009) 
Department of History 

Abstract 

Nakatuon ang pag-aaral na ito sa pangkasaysayang pagpapakahulugan sa “Tagalog” na sumasaklaw mula 1571 hanggang 1907. Sa kabila ng “limitadong” pagtingin sa dalumat ng tagalog sa kasalukuyan, makatuturang balikan at palitawin kung paaano ito nagsimula at nagbagu-bago ang kahulugan nito. 

Taga-ilog, katutubo, taal, nativo, indegena, indio, kabilang sa liping Malayo, Filipino/Filipinas-ganito ang mga kahulugan at/o pagpapakahulugang inilalapat sa dalumat na “Tagalog” at “Katagalugan.” Kaugnay ng mga ito ang pagtatakda ng hangganan ng konsepto batay sa kung sino ang lumilikha ng kahulugan at kung ano ang perspektibang kanyang pinanggagalingan. 

Batay sa isang pangkat o kamag-anakang naninirahan sa pampang ng ilog na may iisang kalinangan-at-wikang kinabibilangan ang batayan ng taal na dalumat ng taga-ilog. Taga-ilog ang popular na etimolohiyang lumitaw sa maagang panahon ng conquista. Sa kabila nito, isang higit na matandang kataga ang maimumungkahi sa kasalukuyang pag-aaral hinggil sa pinanggalingan ng Tagalog. Ito ay ang katagang álog na isang bahagi ng ilog na mababaw at maaaring tawirin, pagtamnan at kalauna’y maaaring pagtayuan ng mga bahayan. Batay sa panuntunang pangwika, mahirap mapanindigan ang taga-ilog sapagkat ang pagsasanib ng “a” at “i” ay nagdudulot ng diphtounge na “ay” kaya’t ang taga-ilog ay magiging “tagaylog.” Mas mapapanigan ang etimolohiyang taga-álog dahil magagamit ito upang maipaliwanag ang diin at tuldik sa “a” ng pangalawang silaba ng katagang Tagalog dahil sa pagtatagpo ng dalawang “a.” Mangyari pa, kapwa ang etimolohiyang taga-álog at taga-ilog ay nakapaloob sa kalakaran ng “pagpapangalan sa sarili/sa pangkat” batay sa lugar na pinanggagalingan na likas din sa iba’t ibang pangkating etniko sa buong kapuluang Pilipinas. 

Sa nagbabagong karanasang historikal pagpasok ng kolonyalismo, ipinataw ng dayo/kolonisador ang kahulughang mula sa labas ng nativo/indigena/indio para tukuyin ang nación o raza na nasa ilalim ng kanilang kapangyarihan, ang kanilang “nasakop.” Sa iba’t ibang anyo ng pagpapahayag/pagpapakita ng pagtutol at pakikipagtunggali sa “mababa” at “mapangmaliit” na paggamit ng katagang Tagalog ng mga dayuhan, naging adhikain ang muling pagbawi sa orihinal na kahulugan nitong katutubo na may isang marangal na kabihasnan sa nakalipas na panahon. Sa katunayan, katulad ng ipinapakita ng umiiral na kamalayan ng mga ilustrado, lumawak pa ang kahulugan ng Tagalog sapagkat naiugnay ito sa mundong Malayo. Para naman sa mga Anak ng Bayan noong Himagsikan at sa mga nagpatuloy ng adhikaing nito, malinaw sa kanila ang kahulugan ng mas nais gamitin “Haring Bayang Katagalugan” kasabay ng pagtatanghal ng masagana at maginhawa, alalaumbaga’y malayang bayan. 

Umuusbong ang iba’t ibang pakahulugan sa dalumat ng Tagalog sa agos ng kasaysayan at ang pinakamahalaga dito ay ang pagtutumbas ng kataga sa tao, lipunan at kalinangang may kakanyahan, may dangal at may kalayaan.

THE POLITICS OF LANGUAGE IN LABOR EXPORT: A DISCOURSE HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF BAGONG BAYANI AND OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT POLICIES

2012-11-23T07:17:13Z

Kfcandido: New page: JEAN ENCINAS-FRANCO Ph.D Political Science (2011) Department of Political Science Abstract This study critically explores the ways in which the bagong bayani re...

JEAN ENCINAS-FRANCO 
Ph.D Political Science (2011) 
Department of Political Science 

Abstract 

This study critically explores the ways in which the bagong bayani representation of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) justifies labor export. Specifically, it seeks to account for the emergence and development of the bagong bayani discourse by looking at the way it was shaped by the state, media and civil society in formulating policies to respond to three OFW cases that attracted wide public attention and contestations. These three cases: (1) the Maricris Sioson Case in 1991; (2) the Flor Contemplacion Case in 1995; and, (3) the Angelo dela Cruz Case in 2004, are argued to have played pivotal roles in the development of the bagong bayani discourse and overseas employment policies. A modified Discourse-Historical Approach (Leeuwen and Wodak 1999; Reisigl and Wodak 2009) was employed in conducting a predicate analysis of transcripts of Senate public hearings, circulars, memoranda, department orders and other government documents, news reports of the Philippine Daily Inquirer (PDI) and Abante and selected episodes of TV Patrol, the primetime news program of ABS-CBN television network and press statements of the Office of the Secretary in the Angelo dela Cruz case. Key informant interviews were conducted as well as the collection of secondary quantitative and qualitative data to supplement the predicate analysis. To determine whether there is an emerging counter-discourse to the bagong bayani, a predicate analysis of Migrante International news releases was also conducted. 

Three key research questions guided the empirical questions: ((i) What is the context in which the bagong bayani emerged and why did it emerge at a particular historical juncture?; (ii) How is labor export justified by the bagong bayani discourse and specifically, what are the linguistic components of this discourse which allow it to shape migration policy and justify labor export?; and, (iii) Is there an emerging alternative discourse that challenges bagong bayani? 

Overall, the study finds that bagong bayani emerged during the Aquino administration in the context of great economic difficulties coupled with the rising number of temporary contract migrants compared to permanent migrants, feminization of migration and the concerns of risks and ‘social cost’ that congressional inquiries, civic society, the media and popular culture have expressed. Consequently, this created a condition in which the state finds the contradictory need to maximize remittances as an economic strategy, even as it needs to be perceived as a ‘protector’ to legitimate its role in labor export. This study argues that bagong bayani has emerged in this context as a discursive tool to manage this contradiction. The predicate analysis finds three discursive themes in the texts reviewed in the three cases: migrants as ‘bodies’/’victims’, migrants as ‘entertainers’/’prostitutes’, ‘domestic.

THE SOSYUDAD OF VIRAC CATANDUANES: REPRODUCING AND TRANSFORMING A TRADITIONAL PRACTICE OF COOPERATION IN INSULAR BIKOL

2012-11-23T07:11:46Z

Kfcandido: New page: RAMON FELIPE A. SARMIENTO Ph.D Anthropology (May 2009) Department of Anthropology Abstract The Sosyudad is a traditional form of voluntary association that rema...

RAMON FELIPE A. SARMIENTO 
Ph.D Anthropology (May 2009) 
Department of Anthropology 

Abstract 

The Sosyudad is a traditional form of voluntary association that remains in wide currency in Virac, Catanduanes. Typically composed of a small circle of friends, it is seen by the locals as a form of pag-iliba and harampangan, two ways of denoting “group” with the former suggesting a company in a journey while the latter an intimate encounter. As both pag-iliba and harampangan, the sosyudad is devoted to the enactment of egalitarian camaraderie and extending mutual assistance among members. The first to be done on this phenomenon, this study aims to 1) describe the synchronic dimension of the practice, namely its socio-cultural aspects, and 2) take account of its production, reproduction and transformation. 

In making sense of the sosyudad, this inquiry deploys the practice theory. Here, culture is not some overarching entity out there that determines behavior. It is rather contingent; something produced and reproduced by human agents acting upon conditions that present to them as they deal with the challenges of everyday life. Sosyudad is a by-product of such process. Specifically, it is a cultural form that people mobilize to engage in meaningful collective endeavors, a practice of cooperation that is. It took shape in the past but generation after generation in Virac continued to access it up to the present. In the process of reproduction however, the sosyudad sustained transformation as new historical forces entered into the interplay of factors. In general then, this inquiry on the sosyudad becomes an illustrative case of the contingency of culture. In particular it is a demonstration of the way cooperation is socially and historically constructed, and how cultural resource from the past is reproduced and transformed to serve contemporary exigencies. 

As ethnography of the sosyudad, this study makes use of a combination of the quantitative and qualitative techniques, namely survey, participant observation, interviews and use of documents. Done between May 2006 and December 2007, the survey established the extent of proliferation of the practice in the town of Virac and described its varieties while the more qualitative techniques created an intimate picture of its workings. 

According to informants, the sosyudad had long been in existence, since as early as the Spanish period, as indeed the term itself is of Hispanic origin. Through its history and into the present, the most enduring aspect of the sosyudad is its being a mechanism by which participants can regularly partake egalitarian fellowship and engage in mutual care, a break and indeed a form of resistance to the broad social order that is based on discrepant power arrangement. 

But even as sosyudad is professed to the attainment of camaraderie among equals, social layering among members along class, age and gender lines expresses in the nitty-gritty of interaction as a group goes about its various undertakings. On the other hand, the care for others remains confined to members and fails to extend outside of the in-group. In these regards, sosyudad becomes a bundle of contradictions between its ideology and practice. 

Organizationally, certain design features of sosyudad practice while creating that egalitarian character also facilitate its reproduction. Its smallness, flexibility of structure and simplicity of goals make it easy to constitute and disband. Its marginality and autonomy vis-à-vis hegemonic institutions allow it much room for maneuver. As a whole then, sosyudad practice becomes particularly conducive to creative improvisations by agents making it easy to adapt to changing external conditions. To a large extent, it owes its continual reproduction to the ease by which it can assume transformations. 

At the broadest, transformation of the sosyudad is evident in the two distinct generations of groups that manifested through history. The first consisted of those that prevailed before the Second World War and the second after it. While both generations revolved around the partaking of liquor and food as a means to enact fellowship, their mutual aid components were largely shaped by the socio-economic systems of the period. For the first generation, it mainly consisted of labor exchange arrangements occasioned by pre-capitalist agricultural mode of production. For its part, the second generation was hallmarked by the saving and loaning enterprise, a result of the increasing cash orientation of the economy. 

The second generation remains to dominate contemporary practice. But even as it appears to stabilize around the drinking of liquor and the loaning/saving scheme, changes continue to take inroads. Some of the more remarkable of these are the liberalization of the norms of drinking, the adoption of civic causes and the taking in of more formal structures, all of which are concessions to current developments in the larger milieu. 

In sum, sosyudad’s trajectory of production, reproduction and transformation illustrates how cooperation as meaningful relationship is continually constructed and reconstructed by practitioners, making use of their creative agency, to suit obtaining conditions. While sosyudad remained professed to the same values of egalitarian camaraderie and mutual care, the ways these are pursued are constantly revised. Thereby, the world of meanings of sosyudad practice becomes arena for contentious interpretation.

THE ARISTOTELIAN-THOMISTIC CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL RELATION TO HUMAN ENSOULMENT IN THE ABORTION DEBATE

2012-11-23T07:07:44Z

Kfcandido: New page: JOERALD M. GADIA M.A. Philosophy (May 2009) Department of Philosophy Abstract Up to what point of fetal development, if any, and for what reason, if any, is abo...

JOERALD M. GADIA 
M.A. Philosophy (May 2009) 
Department of Philosophy 

Abstract 

Up to what point of fetal development, if any, and for what reason, if any, is abortion morally acceptable? These are the questions that are being answered since time immemorial up to the present moment that involve the legal and moral status of the unborn and the morality of abortion. These started the long debate on abortion. There are three major views in the abortion debate, namely; the conservative view, the moderate view, and the liberal view. To limit the discussion, the writer decided to focus on the debate between the conservative and the moderate. 

One of the greatest advocates of the conservative views, and often cited as reference by other conservatives, is St. Thomas Aquinas. In his discussion about the Human Nature in the Summa Theologica, he maintains the moral and legal status of the unborn from the moment of conception and the immorality of abortion. However, in one of the recent books about human nature, entitled Thomas Aquinas on Human Nature which was written by Robert Pasnau, Pasnau made a claim that St. Thomas Aquinas supports the late ensoulment theory and thus morally allows abortion up to the mid-gestation period at most. Pasnau represents the moderate view on abortion. Does St. Thomas Aquinas really support the late ensoulment theory? Or, Pasnau only made a mistake in making a liberal interpretation of the Thomistic writings on human nature? 

To answer these questions, the writer, in chapter one, presents an overview regarding the empirical entity of a human being, with much focus on the germinal, embryonic and fetal development. Moreover, abortion and some topics surrounding it like the different processes of abortion, its legality and the debate about it are also being presented. 

Chapter two focuses on the other component of a human being which is the spiritual soul. The writer presents the importance of the spiritual soul to the composite human being, as the life principle, the form, and the act of the body. A great importance is also being given to the discussion about the process of ensoulment, how it happens, when it happens, and why it happens. 

Chapter three presents the abortion debate between the moderate Pasnau and the conservatives Haldane and Lee. As stated earlier, Pasnau made a very controversial claim that St. Thomas Aquinas, through his writings about human nature, supports the late ensoulment theory which may open the ground for the possibility of up-to-mid-gestation abortion being seen as something moral. Haldane and Lee think otherwise. For them, Pasnau made a mistake in taking a liberal interpretation on Thomistic writings about human nature. To interpret the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas in a correct and valid way, they need to adhere to the strict reading of such work. There is no reason, for Haldane and Lee, to doubt the consistency of Aquinas’ stand on the legal and moral status of the unborn that a human being is present from the moment of conception which consequently upholds the immorality of abortion. 

In conclusion, the writer presents his reasons, based from earlier discussions in three chapters, why he thinks Pasnau made a grave mistake in his claim about the Thomistic writings on human nature. One of the said mistakes is the very mistake of those who advocate the late ensoulment theory. They focused more on the importance of the empirical entity of a human being rather on the spiritual entity which is by far more important for it is the life principle, the form, and the act of the human body. 

The intention of the writer in doing this thesis paper entitled “The Aristotelian-Thomistic Conception of the Soul in Relation to Human Ensoulment in the Abortion Debate” is to strengthen the conservative view regarding human ensoulment and to refute the questionable claim of Pasnau.

POLICIES AND ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES: ANALYZING THE INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT FOREST RESOURCE POLICIES ON THE AGTA DUMAGAT LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES

2012-11-23T07:03:43Z

Kfcandido: New page: LOU ANGELI A. OCAMPO M.S. Geography (May 2011) Department of Geography Abstract Logging activities, through the granting of Timber License Agreement (TLA) and I...

LOU ANGELI A. OCAMPO 
M.S. Geography (May 2011) 
Department of Geography 

Abstract 

Logging activities, through the granting of Timber License Agreement (TLA) and Integrated Forest Management Agreement (IFMA), have led to the reduction of forest stands within ancestral domains of the Agta Dumagat in Barangay Sablang, General Nakar, Quezon. Logging activities and the creation of logging roads have also contributed to the influx of migrants and, consequently, resulted to the entry of market-based, profit-oriented mode of production and technologies in the area. Such processes facilitated further the competition for forest resources and decline in forest productivity. The Agta Dumagat traditional indigenous knowledge and value system suggest reverence of the natural environment via the subsistence system. However, the new knowledge systems brought by the legal and illegal commercial loggers and other non-indigenous migrants are being incorporated to their livelihoods. This is because the Agta Dumagat traditional livelihood activities are no longer effective to meet their basic needs as the forests are being less productive due to logging and other profit-oriented forest activities. The decision to shift traditional knowledge system is further intensified as the Agta Dumagat is exposed to the more efficient and lucrative modes of production of migrant lowlanders, and new economic relations are introduced. While such move is viewed as necessary for survival, it exacerbates the degradation of the Agta Dumagat ancestral domains within the forest region of Sierra Madre.

PINTADOS: MGA HUKBONG BISAYA SA ARMADONG EKSPEDISYONG ESPANYOL SA KAPULUANG PILIPINAS, 1565-1898

2012-11-23T07:01:07Z

Kfcandido: New page: VICENTE CALUBA VILLAN Ph.D History (October 2009) Department of History Abstract Hindi na mga banyaga ang maituturing na pangunahing puwersang pangkasaysayang h...

VICENTE CALUBA VILLAN 
Ph.D History (October 2009) 
Department of History 

Abstract 

Hindi na mga banyaga ang maituturing na pangunahing puwersang pangkasaysayang humubog ng mga kaganapan sa Pilipinas. Sa pamamagitan ng pag-aaral na gagawin sa kalinangan ng mga Bisayang Pilipino, mauunawaan natin ang kalakasan ng kamalayang-bayang nagbigay-hugis sa mga mahahalagang pangyayaring umugit sa naging tadhana ng kasaysayan sa kapuluang Pilipinas. Kabilang sa malakas at nagpapatuloy na kamalayang-bayang iyon ng mga Bisayang Pilipino ay ang nauukol sa nakitang tradisyong “Pintados” ng mga Espanyol sa Kabisayaan noong ika-16 na siglo at maunlad na kalinangang sa pakikidigma hanggang ika-19 na siglo. Sa pagpapatuloy ng praktika sa kinagisnang gawaing pangangayaw at pangungubat ng mga Pintados, napabilis at napagtibay ang kalakaran sa kolonisasyon sa kapuluang Pilipinas. 

Kaugnay nito, masasabing lubhang may katagalan nang pinagpipingkian ng mga dalubhasa, pantas at paham ng disiplina ang ukol sa kasaysayan bilang isang “salaysay na may saysay” para sa isang grupo o kalipunanng mga tao, ang pagtampok partikular sa mahalagang susing terminong “saysay” na nagbigay-halaga upang hagilapin sa mga talang pangkasaysayan ang tunay na “kahulugan”, “katuturan”, at “kabuluhan” ng mga pagsasalaysay ng mga kaganapan sa nakalipas na panahon. Nais na itampok, una ang hinahangad na makahulugang pangyayaring ng mga taong sangkot sa isang partikular na kaganapang nagpaalaala, kung hindi man, nagpapagunita ng kanilang “makasaysayang ugnayan” o relasyon sa isa’t-isa. Samantala, sa ikalawa naman ay ang pagpapalitaw hinggil sa inaapuhap at inaadhikang pangkasaysayang kaalamang maituturing na pakinabang ukol sa isang naratibo o paglalahad ng kasaysayan. 

Sa kabilang dako, sa ikatlo ang pagtatampok naman sa inaasam na kagamitan o esensyang pangkasaysayan ang siyang nais na bigyang halaga ang naturang kaisipan na may katuturan sa isang partikular na pangkatin ng tao. Tulad ng pangkaraniwang gamit, sa isasagawang paglalahad pangkasaysayan inaasahang ito ay makakatulong upang unawain ang mga penomenong panlipunan. Naisasagawa ito sa kasalukuyan sa pamamagitan ng masinsing pag-unawa sa konteksto ng kaganapan bilang susi ng mga historiador sa pag-unawang pangkasaysayan. Ang pook pangkaganapang binanggit sa unahan ang nagsisilbing entablado at tuntungan upang maintindihan ang partikular na kalakaran o realidad sa loob ng lipunang ginagalawan. 

Sa kabuuan, pagsisikapan sa bahaging ito ng pag-aaral pangkasaysayan ang pag-abot sa ganitong simulaiin ng pagsasalaysay ng makahulugan, makatuturan at makabuluhang paksang inaasahan ng pag-aaral na magtatampok ng ating alaala ukol sa makasaysayang karanasang kolonyal ng mga Bisayang Pilipino mula 1565 hanggang 1898. Ipagugunita sa pagsasakasaysayang gagawin hindi lamang ang tuwiran at makasaysayang pagtatagpo ng mga Bisaya-Espanyol sa espasyong karagatab, pulo-pulo at maduagong-duog (marikita na kapaligiran) kundi maging ang pagsasalubong o pagtatagpo ng matanda at makasaysayan nilang kultura ng pagbabalik ( pagtatu) o batikan (Pintados) sa gitnang Pilipinas. Ang mga itinuturing na maisug nga kabikahan (liping magigiting) at sanay na sanay sa paglulunsad ng kinagigiliwang kinaugaling-mangangayaw (kamalayan sa pangingibang-bayan/pulo oara kaginhawan ng sariling bayan) ay nakipagbuno rin laban sa banyagang kamalayang Espanyol ukol sa reconquista at conquista. Kaakibat at implisitong Gawain ng pangangayaw ang pagsasagawa ng pangungubat (pakikidigma) sa malayong lupain na humarap din pagkaraka sa dala-dalang praktikang entrada para sa pagsasakatupuran ng reduccion ng mga Espanyol sa kapuluan. 

Sa pagsasakongkreto ng kalakaran ng pangungubat ng mga Pintados o mga Batikan sa pananaliksik na gagawin ay itutuon at sisikaping patingkarin ang pagbibigay-diin sa larangang ito ng historiograpiya na magpapayaman sa pagpapasakasaysayang tradisyon sa Pilipinas. Ispisipikong tinukoy sa pananaliksik ang larangang sining-biswal na itinuturing ng pag-aaral na susing larangang pangkaalaman ng mayamang bukal ng kalinangan at kamalalayan na siyang magpapayaman at makapagbibigay ng sustansiya ng naratibong historical. Sa daloy ng pananaliksik, titingnan sa unang kabanata ang kontekstong metodolohikal kalakip ang paglatag ng batayang mapanuri at pagsasakabuluhan ng isasagawang pag-aaral. 

Samantala, sa una at mga kasunod na kabanata ang pagsisikap na pag-ugnayin ang naturang konteksto sa pangkasaysayang gagawin ng pag-uugnay sa iba pang disiplina upang higit na magkaroon ng buhay ang pag-aaral pangkasaysayan. Magtatampok din ang pananaliksik ng kongkretong halimbawa sa ikalawa hanggang ikalimang kabanata ng salaysay pangkaganapan bilang pagpapatunay sa inilatag na mga argumentong pangkasaysayan na itinampok sa unang kabanata. Dahil sa buong piryod ng kolonisasyong Espanyol ang sinasaklaw ng pag-aaral, inaasahang maging puno ng detalye ang disertasyon na sinadyang ginawa upang hindo lamang maitala sa isang akda ang hiwa-hiwalay na mga datos sa iba’t-ibang nfa batis pangkasaysayan, kundi higit sa lahat upang kongkretong bigyang katibayan ang nawaglit, ngunit napakayamang papel ng Kabisayaan sa paghubog ng pambansang kasaysayan. 

Sa huli, maglalaan ang pag-aaral na ito ng kaukulang konkulusyon at rekomendasyon kaugnay sa inilatag na kontekstong metodolohikal at tinatanaw na makabukuhang praksis pangkasaysayan sa kasalukuyang panahon.

PERSPECTIVE OF FATHERS AND DAUGHTERS ON GOOD FATHERHOOD

2012-11-23T06:56:15Z

Kfcandido: New page: OLIVIA DE GUZMAN VALEROSO M.A. Psychology (May 2009) Department of Psychology Abstract This qualitative study explored the perception of fathers and daughters o...

OLIVIA DE GUZMAN VALEROSO 
M.A. Psychology (May 2009) 
Department of Psychology 

Abstract 

This qualitative study explored the perception of fathers and daughters on good fatherhood. It investigated developmental differences by comparing the perceptions of two groups of fathers and daughters from the middle childhood group (composed of 20 pairs of fathers and daughters wherein the daughters are aged 9-11) and the adolescence group (composed of 20 pairs of fathers and daughters wherein the daughters are aged 15-17). 

These 40 pairs of fathers and daughters, chosen through purposive sampling, were interviewed for this study. They were Roman Catholics and Filipino citizens, by birth; they came from intact or complete parent families where both parents are non-OFWs; and they belong to the middle to upper class families. 

The finding revealed that the top five attributes of a good father is the same for both fathers and daughters. Both fathers and daughters agree that a good father should be a loving person; supportive; provides guidance; is involved; and spends quality time with his children. 

The difference between fathers and daughters is that fathers placed importance to their role as provider and protector while daughters gave emphasis to father’s understanding and role as a friend. 

The results of the study can provide groundwork for future research on family relationships and can be used to evaluate and design parenting programs that would help enhance parent and child relationship and increase paternal awareness of parenting approaches that would be most effective for children.

PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCES OF NEW MOTHERS WHO ARE HAVING A DIFFICULT TIME A STUDY ON SELECTED MOTHERS FROM THE METRO MANILA AREA

2012-11-23T06:54:28Z

Kfcandido: New page: CRISTABEL D. FAGELA-TIANGCO M.A. Psychology (June 2009) Department of Psychology Abstract The study focused on new mothers who are having a difficult time. For...

CRISTABEL D. FAGELA-TIANGCO 
M.A. Psychology (June 2009) 
Department of Psychology 

Abstract 

The study focused on new mothers who are having a difficult time. Forty women from the Metro Manila area participated in the study. They were selected based on a set of inclusion criteria, specifically, mothers: (a) in the 21-30 year old age group; (b) who had one child, aged 1-6; (c) who are married; and, (d) who report feeling exhausted, find mothering difficult, or do not find the experience of mothering pleasurable. 

The researcher wanted to know in what ways the participants’ role perceptions of mothering as well as how the self, the child, the husband, and other people contributed to the quality of the mothering experience. 

Data was gathered using the in-depth interview. The responses were grouped according to thematic similarities and placed in appropriate categories, as indicated in the conceptual model. 

Study results suggest that the difficulty experienced by this group of mothers may be due to having unrealistic expectations, role ambiguity, and insufficient social supports.

PAGPAPANATILI NG PAGKAKAKAKILANLANG KULTURAL: Pag-aaral tungkol sa mga Boracay Ati sa kanilang Tahanang Islang-Bakasyunan

2012-11-23T06:52:35Z

Kfcandido: New page: HANNAH MISHA M. MORILLO M.A. Psychology (March 2012) Department of Psychology Abstract Bilang isang maliit na isla sa gitnang bahagi ng Pilipinas sa Bisayas, a...

HANNAH MISHA M. MORILLO 
M.A. Psychology (March 2012) 
Department of Psychology 

Abstract 

Bilang isang maliit na isla sa gitnang bahagi ng Pilipinas sa Bisayas, ang isla ng Boracay ay nakakatamasa ng pandaigdigang katanyagan at nagdadala ng lokal at dayuhang turista na nagnanais matuklas ang “pinakamagandang halimbawa” ng dagat sa Pilipinas. Kaya lamang, sa kabila ng karangyaan at kayamanan ng turismo dito, lingid sa kaalaman ng mga dayo ay ang isang grupong katutubo na kilala bilang mga Ati, na nagtataguyod at pinaglalaban ang kanilang Lupaing Ninuno na ipinagkakait sa kanila sa isla. Maaring nakatulong sa ilang kabahuyan ang dulot ng turismo sa isla, sa pamamagitan ng pagkakaroon ng trabaho at pagbibigay ng oportunidad sa edukasyon. Kaya lamang, mayroong mas malalalim na implikasyon ang pakikipaglaban nila sa kanilang lupa sa pagpapanitili ng pagkakakilanlang kultural ng mga Ati, o ang kanilang Pagka-Ati. Sa pananaliksik na ito mula sa perspektibong sikolohiyang kultutal at katutubong sikolohiya (i.e., Sikolohiyang Pilipino), bibigyang kasagutan at mungkahi ayon sa sariling depenisyon ng grupo kung sino ang mga Ati ng Boracay, ano ang kanilang kasalukuyang kalagayan, at kung paano nila maitataguyod ang kanilang sarili bilang isang katutubong grupo. Upang makapagkalap ng datos, isinagawa ang mga lapit na pakikipagkwentuhan at pagtatanung-tanong, at ang mga katutubong pamamaraan na pakikipanuluyan, pakikipanayam, at ginabayang talakayan.

UNDERSTANDING CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE - AN INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE TO VICTIMIZATION

2012-11-23T06:50:37Z

Kfcandido: New page: MARIA DIANA RAMOS DEHN Ph.D Psychology (March 2011) Department of Psychology Abstract Child Sexual Abuse is a complicated phenomenon which needs an appropriate ...

MARIA DIANA RAMOS DEHN 
Ph.D Psychology (March 2011) 
Department of Psychology 

Abstract 

Child Sexual Abuse is a complicated phenomenon which needs an appropriate model to understand its nature, magnitude and impact. An integrated developmental perspective in understanding this issue was applied based on the Developmental Dimensions Model proposed by Finkelhor and Kendall-Tackett (1997) and the Ecological Approach to Sexual Revictimization hypothesized by Grauerholz (2000). 26 sexually abused children, previously or currently receiving institutional assistance, and a parent or guardian of each child were interviewed in-depth. These interviews and the respective case files form the informational foundation of the study. Using a multiple case study approach, a cross-sectional, non-probability sampling and a basically qualitative method in gathering data was applied. The study concludes that the seeds of vulnerability to CSA lie in the early developmental stage of the child, impacting specific developmental tasks in the process which can affect the functionality of the individual throughout her whole life. Furthermore, the study supports the assumption that complex processes and contexts can be better understood by applying an integrated model as a tool of analysis. This study analyzed, however, only two contextual settings in the ecological approach, namely the individual and the family. Future research can include other contextual factors in the model or focus on other Microsystems affecting the child, e.g. peer groups and the school. The findings of this study are especially interesting for future researches using this approach and or psychologists, social workers and other health providers in the community and beyond.

TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING MEDICAL RESIDENTS’ PRACTICES AND PERCEPTIONS OF END-OF LIFE CARE IN SELECTED GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE HOSPITALS IN METRO MANILA

2012-11-23T06:48:56Z

Kfcandido: New page: MA. HENRIETTA TERESA O. DE LA CRUZ MS BIOETHICS (APRIL 14, 2009) Department of Philosophy Abstract Background Advances in resuscitative measures and the use of adva...

MA. HENRIETTA TERESA O. DE LA CRUZ 
MS BIOETHICS (APRIL 14, 2009) 
Department of Philosophy 

Abstract 

Background Advances in resuscitative measures and the use of advanced life support devices have raised the issue of how physicians in residency training programs approach the ethical deliberation of the patient’s and family’s decisions for end-of-life care. 

Methods Interviews of 12 resident physicians in Internal Medicine were conducted in 2 governments, 3 private and 2 academic training hospitals. A follow-up survey of 92 residents in various year levels in the same hospitals was done. 

Results Residents in training had some experience with discussions on non-resuscitation (60%), and withdrawal of treatment (54%) but less had ever given orders for withdrawal of feeding (25%). More residents in government hospitals claimed greater confidence in handling various discussions for non-resuscitation (70%), disclosure of terminal illness with patients (71%), discussing patients’ thoughts and fears (60%). Some residents were older (53%), with poor functional capacity (70%), and with a lack of resources (47%). Residents who had previous experience with ordering non-resuscitation were more likely to agree that families of terminally ill incompetent patients whose chances for recovery of functional capacity are nil should be advised against resuscitation (OR=5.436, p=.020). There were no significant associations between religion, sex, age, and type of institute with decisions for non-resuscitation. 

Conclusion Residents generally handle complex issues and problems with the patient’s autonomy and true benefit in mind, although skills to open and broaden the discussion and provide assistance for patients and relatives in compassionate decision making may open doors for more meaningful rather than defensive approaches. The disadvantaged situation of patients and families facing end-of-life decisions in the setting of poverty asks for the physician to actively and compassionately carry out a duty to remedy the unjust situation.

THE PARADOXES OF MORAL SHEPHERDING: SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL PRONOUNCEMENTS OF THE CATHOLIC BISHOPS’ CONFERENCE OF THE PHILIPPINES (1972-2009)

2012-11-23T06:43:40Z

Kfcandido: New page: YOHANES I WAYAN MARIANTA M.A. Sociology (August 2010) Department of Sociology Abstract Guided by Niklas Luhmann’s sociological theory of social systems and mo...

YOHANES I WAYAN MARIANTA 
M.A. Sociology (August 2010) 
Department of Sociology 

Abstract 

Guided by Niklas Luhmann’s sociological theory of social systems and modernity, the study explores the political role of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP). It seeks to describe: (1) how the CBCP understand its political role, (2) how the CBCP formulates its political pronouncements in ways that are acceptable to the political system and consistent with its religious identity, (3) how the CBCP deals with problems arising from its political engagements, (4) how the political role of the CBCP shapes Church-State relationship in the context of the Philippine societal transition toward modernity. 

The study used the official documents of the CBCP as primary data to observe how it was made necessary distinctions to craft its political role. It is clear that the CBCP understands its political role through its own religious code. The CBCP engages in politics in its capacity as a moral shepherd focusing in the formation of conscience. This basically means that it observes and judges political issues using the binary distinction of moral/immoral according to Catholic principles. 

The analysis further shows that CBCP tends to form its political pronouncements in a prudent, moderate, and balanced formation. This tendency reflects its attempts to manage the paradoxical character of its political role. First, it has to reconcile its political engagements with its leadership role in the Catholic community. In this regard, the CBCP has consistently restrained itself from participating in partisan politics and conflicts which might trigger division within the Church and undermine its teaching authority. 

Second, the CBCP has to reconcile its desire to demonstrate the political relevance of the Catholic Church with its recognition of the autonomy of the political system. To manage this tension, the CBCP has consistently located its political struggle in civil society and upheld “critical collaboration” toward the government. 

The CBCP has become an influential actor in Philippine politics. The political system recognizes its power because the CBCP is perceived to have an organizational capability to mobilize Church’s resources to influence the formation of political decisions. This reflects the transitional character of the Philippine society. Despite the presence of functional differentiation of religion and politics, as manifested in the constitutional principle of Church-State separation, the society still allows religious actors to hold remarkable power to influence politics. 

The study, however, reveals that the CBCP has showed enough self-restraint in its political role. It will keep up its struggle to influence Philippine politics but only through democratic means. This means that the CBCP does not have the final word in the formation of political decisions. It is just one of the actors in civil society.

THE EFFECTS OF FAMILY SIZE ON PARENTING BEHAVIOR AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT

2012-11-23T06:41:05Z

Kfcandido: New page: RACHEL ANN ROSALES PARR M.A. Psychology (June 2009) Department of Psychology Abstract The main concern of this exploratory study is to investigate the relationship between the variabl...

RACHEL ANN ROSALES PARR
M.A. Psychology (June 2009)
Department of Psychology

Abstract

The main concern of this exploratory study is to investigate the relationship between the variable family size (i.e. the number of children in the family) and the level of development of a child living in a local setting where the family income is on or below the poverty threshold. The study would like to look into “parental behavior” as a possible moderating variable in the relationship between family size and child development, if any. 

The literature shows that a larger family could imply more children competing for parental time and resources (which are assumed to be scarce); thus adversely affecting the level of development of a child. Studies also exist suggesting a negative correlation between children’s intelligence levels and the variable for “family size’. 

On the other hand, there are social scientists who argue that the socio-economic status of a family is the more reliable predictor for the direction of a child’s development based on the fact that there are relatively larger families wherein children are not necessarily at-risk for developmental set-backs. 

A psychometric response scale was developed by the researcher in order to find out what possible components make up “parent behavior”. These components were meant to measure the level of the parent’s behavior in terms of how child-centered his or her methods and beliefs are. These methods and beliefs focused on the following aspects of parental behavior: disciplining through physical and non-physical ways of punishment; and nurturing. The initial parent behavior scale had 106 items and was pretested for internal consistency by administering it to 121 individual parents living in a low-income setting. Sixty of the parents for the pretest had 1 to 3 children and 61 had 4 or more children in the family. 

The results of the pretest were subjected to tests for internal consistency. These tests involved; reliability tests, t-tests, and mean and standard deviation analysis. Forty (40) items were retained with a resulting alpha coefficient of .831. The items that survived the pretest formed the instrument to be used for the main part of the study. The 40-item scale was subjected to a Factor Analysis procedure in order to find out any underlying factors or relationships with the items of the scale. The factor analysis yielded 4 components, which were then analyzed for commonalities in the ideas they expressed. These 4 components formed the 4 hypothesized factors used in the main part of the study. The four factors were labeled as Aversive Methods, Verbal Methods, Quick-fix Methods, and Parent Involvement. 

The Early Childhood Care and Development Checklist (ECCD) developed by Dr. Lourdes K. Ledesma, was used as the screening instrument for assessing the developmental level of each child between the ages 3 years and 1 month, and 5 years and 11 months. Each child was evaluated in terms of 7 identified domains: Gross Motor; Fine Motor; Self-help; Receptive Language; Expressive Language; cognitive; and Socio-emotional. 

The study selected a sample of 60 parents or primary caregivers; half of which had 1 to 3 children while the other half had 4 or more children in the family. All parent and child respondents came from a low-income community in Quezon City. The scores of the Parent Behavior Questionnaire were analyzed using a t-test for any significant differences between the mean scores of larger-sized families (4 or more children) and smaller-sized families (1 to 3 children). Values for central tendency and dispersion were studied for descriptive purposes. 

The scores of the ECCD checklist consisted of an overall score (Standard Score) and a domain score (Scaled Score). These scores were analyzed using the following tests: t-test for significant differences between larger-sized families and smaller-sized families; and bivariate correlation procedures. Values for central tendency and dispersion were also evaluated for descriptive purposes. The SPSS program was used for all statistical analyses carried out in the study. 

The overall finding of the study support the main contention of the study-family size has significant effect on the development of a child in a low-income setting, as manifested in the Fine Motor, Expressive Language, Cognitive, and Socio-Emotional skills. The findings for the Parent Behavior Questionnaire indicate that there is no significant relationship between the behavior of a parent and the size of the family, based on the 4 hypothesized factors; in a low-income setting. This would imply that the effect of family size on child development is independent of Parent Behavior (as measured in the study) and possibly dependent on other variables.

SELF-IDENTIFICATION, DISCLOSURE, AND SOCIAL IDENTITY OF FILIPINO YOUNG ADULT HOMOSEXUALS: DEVELOPMENT AND PROCESS

2012-11-23T06:38:20Z

Kfcandido: New page: JOHN MANUEL R. KLIATCHKO Ph.D Psychology (August 2009) Department of Psychology Abstract This study described the processes of self-identification, disclosure o...

JOHN MANUEL R. KLIATCHKO 
Ph.D Psychology (August 2009) 
Department of Psychology 

Abstract 

This study described the processes of self-identification, disclosure of sexual identity, and social identity development among Filipino young adult homosexuals. More specifically, the study examined the factors relevant to Filipino young adult homosexuals in their self-identification as gay, including their experience of disclosure of sexual identity, and the extent to which stigma or discrimination was experienced. Since the study is anchored on Tajfel’s Social Identity Theory (SIT) and Turner’s Self-Categorization Theory, the study also explored how Filipino young adult homosexuals undertake the processes of in-group identification and out-group derogation, and how these variables are related to their self-disclosure (as gay). In turn, the relationships between these variables and stigma were also determined. Finally, the study assessed how Filipino young adult homosexuals achieved positive social identity, considering the social stigma associated with being gay. 

A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was employed. A total of 163 young adult male homosexuals (ages 15 to 24) comprised the sample base. A five-part questionnaire was devised, parts of which were either adapted from foreign scales or constructed by the researcher. Interviews were also conducted to support the findings from the questionnaire. 

Results showed that the mean age of self-identification (as gay) was around 11 years old, and a predominance of feminine interests prevailed prior to this. Filipino young adult homosexuals were also predominantly closer to their mother; moreover, even after having self-identified, many would continually deny being gay until they learn to be comfortable with being one. Self acceptance is followed by a drive toward gaining social acceptance from significant others. Approval from parents has the most impact on the development of a positive homosexual identity. 

Disclosure of sexual identity was described as a difficult process, and 55% of the respondents have not openly admitted being gay to any of their parents. Between the parents, the mother is the likely target of disclosure. The strongest predictor of disclosure is the parents’ acceptance of their being gay. 

In line with SIT, the Filipino young adult homosexuals’ in-group was perceived in significantly more favorable terms than their out-group (of heterosexuals). Furthermore, the study revealed that the stronger their in-group identification is, the greater is their tendency to disclose their sexual identity to others. 

Despite the backdrop of discrimination found in the literature, stigma levels were not alarmingly high. Among family members though, the father is the highest source of rejection and disapproval, while the mother is most accepting. Higher levels of stigma from family lowered the likelihood of self-disclosure; it also interfered with in-group identification. 

The respondents reported that social creativity was the most frequently used strategy in dealing with negative social identity, followed by social competition. While social mobility was seldom used, Filipino young adult homosexuals are likely to use it when instances of stigma increase. Higher stigma levels from family were found to interfere with the use of social creativity; however, higher incidents of stigma from heterosexuals induce social creativity. Meanwhile, social competition is enhanced by higher stigma levels from heterosexuals and society in general. Finally, with high in-group identification, Filipino young adult homosexuals’ tendency to engage in social mobility is subdued.

PINTAKASI EMPOWERING A POOR THREATENED COMMUNITY TO DEAL WITH PROBLEMS OF SURVIVAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PRACTICE OF CLINICAL AND COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY IN THE FIELD

2012-11-23T06:35:01Z

Kfcandido: New page: RHODIUS T. NOGUERA Ph.D Psychology (OCTOBER 2009) Department of Psychology Abstract This paper is a qualitative exploratory field research of a community phenom...

RHODIUS T. NOGUERA 
Ph.D Psychology (OCTOBER 2009) 
Department of Psychology 

Abstract 

This paper is a qualitative exploratory field research of a community phenomenon called pintakasi. Pintakasi is an indigenous community activity in Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat. In pintakasi, the people help each other with no money involved and personal interest to equally benefit the community. Originally, pintakasi was used on farm activities. It was later used for non-farming activities like building bridges. Later it was used for church activities. 

The study attempted to look deeper into the nature of pintakasi. The study also attempted to extend the benefits of pintakasi beyond traditional activities while still benefiting the community. Traditional pintakasi does not include planning and evaluation. This is understandable. Traditional farming activities, learned from parents over several generations, do not need to be planned. At best, what the farmer needs to know are the signs as to when an activity should be started, for example, the start of the planting season or the harvest season. Nor does the farmer need to evaluate an activity except perhaps to know that all the seedlings are planted in the fields or that all the rice stalks have been cut down and gathered. 

Revised pintakasi was applied to a proposed activity, which was planned and implemented in the community. The researcher tried to have the participants evaluate the planning and the activity also using pintakasi This was the first time the participants did so because pintakasi has been used in farming activities and other traditional activities that do not need planning. This was also the first time that the community evaluated an activity involving pintakasi (while at the same time using pintakasi on the evaluation process itself. 

The data in this study are of two kinds. The first is about the nature of pintakasi. The researcher has gathered preliminary data on pintakasi that was presented during the planning session. The second group of data is on how pintakasi was actually used during the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the community proposed activity. 

The goal of the research was not only to understand nature of pintakasi. The attempt was to find out how pintakasi could respond to the concerns of Kalamansig communities. On the other hand, I also inquired on how these exploratory attempts could shape my role as priest and as a psychologist in the communities. 

During the course of the study, Kalamansig encountered peace and order problem because of the series of attacks by the MILF. In this event, I discovered that pintakasi could create an avenue where a poor threatened community could empower itself to deal with problems of survival. This gives me an opportunity to see the implication of the use of pintakasi for the practice of Clinical and Community Psychology in the Field. 

Thus, the exploration of pintakasi led to an important discovery. In my attempt to unravel the essentials of pintakasi, the following processes were brought out: 

• The people applied pintakasi in non-traditional activities (TPO reorganization, TPO conflict management, TPO community consultation for peace, community disaster planning in Sangay, Sangay community prayer meeting for peace, and evacuation center activities). 

• The community with the use of an indigenous process were able to work together to respond to the peace and order problem. Pintakasi became their psycho-social strength. 

• The community became the main psychosocial resource of children traumatized by the armed conflict. 

• The study also presents an important implication for peace process in Mindanao and the practice of clinical and community psychology in the field.

PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE CLOSET

2012-11-23T06:31:15Z

Kfcandido: New page: EVANGELINE R. CASTRONUEVO-RUGA Ph.D Psychology (APRIL 2010) Department of Psychology This study is about the experiences of lesbians of being in, and moving in and out ...

EVANGELINE R. CASTRONUEVO-RUGA 
Ph.D Psychology (APRIL 2010) 
Department of Psychology 

This study is about the experiences of lesbians of being in, and moving in and out of, the closet. It tried to understand how a lesbian identity develops, what the lesbians’ experiences were of being in the closet, what it was like to stay in the closet and the impact this had on specific areas in their lives. It also looked into the extent of their being in the closet, their ways of maintaining it, and their descriptions or definitions of the closet based on their experiences. Using phenomenological analysis, the investigator also wanted to find out whether the life of a lesbian can test be described from the essentialist or constructivist perspective. 

Analysis of the accounts showed underlying dynamics that described either the essentialist or constructivist paradigm. Some lesbians’ accounts were essentialist in that they referred to (probably) innate or naturally occurring identities. However, other lesbians referred to their identities as assumed or matters of choice, and that meanings and experiences associated with these identities were mutable and tentative. The constructivist perspective was also revealed in their accounts of a fluidity in their sexuality, sexual desires, identities, orientations, and behaviors: they did not feel that they had to be constantly aligned to old or previous ways. 

The analysis also revealed that lesbian identity/orientation development normally begins in childhood. It is pervaded by a conglomeration of feelings and thoughts and culminates in late adolescence where milestones like initial intimacies, first full sexual encounters and relationship occur. It was also seen that, as a defining moment in the samples’ development, the resolution of identity issues did not automatically and totally lead to the supposed momentous event of coming out. Instead, the account providers chose to be in the closet which, essentialism believes, could disrupt the completion of developmental tasks necessary for them to come to terms with their sexualities and to become more psychologically integrated. The outcome of such choice, as seen in most of the accounts, seemed to show otherwise. 

Further analyses showed that as the account providers decided to be in the closet, they also had to decide on specific issues – how closeted can they become, where, when, and to whom – with varying subjective and objective consequences. It is shown that the account providers are selectively closeted. Most opted not to disclose to the family while they chose to come out in other social contexts. Results also showed that the account providers preferred to use alternative terms to refer to their being closeted and being out. They felt that the categories, closet and coming out, as conceptualized in the west, do not fully resonate with their own experiences of being in the closet and coming out of it. 

The account providers referred to the closet as both a psychological space and a process. They used different metaphors in referring to it. They chose to enter the closet for various personal, family, and social reasons. They also identified contextual and personal factors that could trigger more disclosures. The closet affected their relationships with their partners and their families, their stance toward outside world, their careers, their sense of well-being, and sense of self and sexual identity. 

Deeper analysis also showed how the account providers’ subjective experiences relative to their identities and their closets manifested some assumptions from both paradigms. As such, the image of a shame-laden, stigmatized, fear-stricken lesbian who seeks the closet for comfort has been confirmed, to a certain extent, giving credence to the essentialist position. However, this study also felt the constructivists’ assertion about an intentional, constituted identity who, despite being in the closet, can still lead a productive and satisfying life. This, in turn, pictured a closet that tends to be less repressive, productive and at times, subversive. Meanwhile, although this research intended to find answers to the essentialist –constructivist debate, it was noted that the accounts could also be explained from a more relational-sociological framework i. e., the collectivist-individualist and gender perspectives. 

In conclusion, this study is unique as it used accounts of Filipino lesbians and applied a more reflective approach in analysis. It is recommended that further inquiry using other approaches and focusing on the other salient themes identified in this investigation be done to come up with more immediate and textured descriptions of the closet.

PERSONALITY AND COPING AMONG WOMEN SURVIVORS OF BREAST CANCER

2012-11-23T06:24:58Z

Kfcandido: New page: AGNES DEL ROSARIO-CRISOSTOMO Ph.D Psychology (2009) Department of Psychology This is a quantitative-qualitative research which aims to investigate the relationship of p...

AGNES DEL ROSARIO-CRISOSTOMO 
Ph.D Psychology (2009) 
Department of Psychology 

This is a quantitative-qualitative research which aims to investigate the relationship of personality factors and coping behaviors among women who have survived breast cancer. Likewise, socio-demographic variables, changes in their lifestyles, including marital and family changes are factors which were investigated, for these are all vital areas of a survivor’s life. 

The general problem of the study is to identify the relationship of the selected personality factors (Optimism, Attribution, Pagkamahinahon, Pagkamatiyaga and Pagkaresponsable) with the Coping behaviors adopted by the breast cancer survivors. Participants were 47 breast cancer survivors who were all members of the Breast Care Center Support Group of the Philippine General Hospital. Standardized instruments as well as interviews were used as means of gathering data. Correlation analysis was used to determine the extent of relationship among the specified variables as well as content analysis for the Qualitative Part. 

Data revealed that the 47 women are always optimistic about the future and most of them believed it is their lifestyle which has caused them their cancer, followed by accidental injury. On the changes on relationship experienced by the survivors, most of them said that their spouses had been very supportive mainly on the emotional aspect. On Problem-focused Coping the higher percentage was recorded on Planning which says “pinag-isipan kong mabuti kung ano ang dapat kong gawin sa nangyari”, while On Emotion-Focused Coping, the highest score was recorded by the Turning to Religion item “ipinagkatiwala ko na sa Dyos ang lahat. This only shows that among Filipinas, their faith proved to be very important in their coping regardless of the type of personality that they possess. 

Educational Attainment is found to be correlated with Instrumental Support and Restraint Coping. Civil Status is correlated with Active Coping. Income proves to correlate with most Coping Behaviors such as Suppression of Competing Activities, Instrumental Support, Emotional Support, Positive Coping, Denial, Acceptance and Religion. The number of children of the respondents correlates with Active coping while the number of years that they have been survivors of cancer was correlated with Planning. 

In the present age when one’s health becomes the main focus of concern, one obvious direction seen for this research is the examination of its predictive utility in the field of health such as devising an intervention program which can help cancer survivors influence their subsequent coping, prolong their survival and eventually live a higher quality of life.

Pampulitikang Maragtas Kang Antique, 1888-2008

2012-11-23T06:22:13Z

Kfcandido: New page: ALBERTO TOLEDO PAALA JR. MA Kasaysayan (Marso 2009) Departmento ng Kasaysayan Ang pag-aaral na ito ay nakasentro sa kasaysayang pampulitika ng Antique mula sa Pag-alsa...

ALBERTO TOLEDO PAALA JR. 
MA Kasaysayan (Marso 2009) 
Departmento ng Kasaysayan 

Ang pag-aaral na ito ay nakasentro sa kasaysayang pampulitika ng Antique mula sa Pag-alsa sa Igbaong noong 1888 hanggang sa taong 2008. Sinasaklaw nito ang mga mahalagang pangyayari sa lalawigan at binibigyan ng diin ang mga proyekto ng bawat gobernador. Mula rito malalaman natin kung ang mga programa ba ng mga gobernador na ito ay tumutugon doon sa pangangailangan ng mga mamamayan ng lalawigan. 

Nahahati ito sa labing dalawang kabanata. Ang pagpasya sa paghahati hati ng bawat panahon sa pag-aaral na ito ay nasa may-akda. Ang unang kabanata ay ang pagpapaliwanag ng paksa, sinundan ito ng heograpiya at maikling kasaysayan ng lalawigan bago pa man maganap ang pag-alsa sa Igbaong. Sumunod dito ang pakikipaglaban ng mga Antiqueńo laban sa mga Espanyol at Amerikano. 

Binigyan ng pansin ang mga patakaran ng mga Amerikano sa lalawigan at ang mga naihalal na mga gobernador sa panahong ito. Sa panahon ng Hapon sinuri ang pagsusumikap ng mga gerilya na ipagpatuloy ang pakikipaglaban sa mga Hapones sa kabila ng kakulangan ng armas at pagkain. 

Ang sumunod pang mga kabanata ay nakasentro sa mga kaganapan sa lalawigan pagkatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig hanggang sa taong 2008. Mapapansin na sa panunungkulan ni Evelio na mahaba ang pagtalakay ng may-akda. May kinalaman ito sa kahalagahan ng kanyang panunungkulan at gayundin din naman sa dami ng dokumento ng aking nakalap tungkol sa kanya at sa kanyang mga programa na nakasentro sa kabuhi (buhay), dungug (dangal) at ginhawa ng lalawigan na masasabing mga sangkap o katangian ng pagkatao ni Evelio bilang modelo o huwarang pangkalinangan. Mula sa pag-aaral na ito malinaw na ang Antique ay may sariling maragtas at kalinangan na mahalagang bahagi ng pambansang kasaysayan na nararapat lamang ipagmalaki ng mga Antiqueńo at ng mga Pilipino sa pangkalahatan.

ANG PAGLALAKBAY PATUNGO SA PAGPAPATAWAD ISANG PERSPEKTIBONG DEBELOPMENTAL TERESITA TABBADA RUNGDUIN

2012-11-23T06:15:22Z

Kfcandido: New page: PhD. Psychology (Mayo 2011) Department of Psychology ABSTRAK Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na matugunan ang direksyon ng pananaliksik na iminungkahi sa mga pag-aaral na ...

PhD. Psychology (Mayo 2011) 
Department of Psychology 

ABSTRAK 

Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na matugunan ang direksyon ng pananaliksik na iminungkahi sa mga pag-aaral na galugarin ang mga isyu, proseso, at ang kahihinatnan ng pagpapatawad sa pananaw ng mga tao sa iba't ibang yugto ng kanilang buhay. Binubuo ang pag-aaral na ito na mga buhay-salaysay (life narratives) ng dalawampu't pitong (27) tao na ninais ding ibahagi ang tinahak nilang landas upang sa huli ay magpatawad ayon sa pananaw at pakahulugan nila sa konsepto at damdaming kaakibat nito. Sinuri sa pag-aaral na ito ang proseso ng pagpapatawad sa iba't ibang antas ng debelopment sa pamamagitan ng mga buhay-salaysay ng mga kalahok. Ang mga kalahok ay nanggaling sa iba't ibang antas ng pamumuhay at pinag-aralan. 

Ginamit ang cross sectional developmental design at grounded theory approach sa pagkuha at pagsuri ng mga buhay salaysay na inaayon sa life narratives model ni McAdans (2006). Sumailalim sa apat na pagtitining ang mga salaysay, ang unang pagtitining ay pagsasaayos ng buhay-salaysay, ang ikalawang pagtitining ay ang line-by-line coding at frequency word count, ang ikatlong pagtitinig ay ang pagsusuri ng salaysay ayon sa kabuuan nito at pagkuha ng tema mula sa mga salaysay, at ang ikaapat ay pagbuo ng herarkiya ng mga tema gamit ang axial coding. 

Lumabas sa mga buhay-salaysay ng mga nasa middle childhood na nagiging sanhi ng kanilang alitan ang pag-aagawan ng atensyon at kaibigan. Humahantong ito sa pisikal na pananakit at pagpapalitan ng masasamang salita; ngunit sa tulong ng mga taong nakapaligid sa kanila, sila ay nagagabayan upang makipagbati sa kanilang nakaalitan. Naipapakita ang pakikipagbati sa pamamagitan ng pagsasabi ng 'sorry' at pagkilos tulad ng pagyakap at paghalik. Sa mga nasa adolescence, sanhi ng alitan ang paglabag sa tiwala sa pagitan ng magkakaibigan at paghahanap ng kalinga ng magulang. Humahantong ito sa pagharap sa problema at pagsasabi ng antas ng sakit na naramdaman. Nagkakaroon ng pagpapatawad sa pamamagitan ng pagtanggap, pagpaparaya at paniniwalang nagsisisi ang nakagalit. Ang maipagtuloy at mapatatag ang relasyon sa pagitan ng magkakaibigan at magulang ang isa sa mga tunguhin ng pagpapatawad. 

Sanhi ng pananakit sa yugto ng early adulthood ang paglabag sa pinaniniwalaang karapatan ng indibidwal sa ginagampanan niyang papel. Naipro-prosess ito sa pamamagitan ng pagsusuri ng sarili at nagkakaroon ng pagpapalit ng pagtingin sa sanhi o sa dahilan ng pagkakaroon ng alitan. Isang responsibilidad sa grupo na kanilang kinabibilangan at sa kanilang mga pagpapahalaga ang pagpapatawad. 

Sa middle adulthood naman, ang paglabag sa tiwalang ibinigay ang nagiging sentro ng nagpapatawad. Dahil ibinigay ito, umaasa rin sila na susuklian ito ng karampatang pag-uugali at respeto sa kanila bilang magulang, asawa, kasintahan o malapit na kaibigan. Pinoproseso ang pagpapatawad sa pamamagitan ng pagpaparaya, pakikiusap, at paniniwala na nagsisisi ang nanakit. Ang pagpapatawad ay paggaan ng loob na maaaring ilarawan sa pamamagitan ng pagkawala ng galit, sama ng loob, takot, pag-aalala, at bigat ng emosyonal na dinadala. 

At ang panghuli ay ang late adulthood na umiikot ang sanhi ng alitan sa paglabag sa kanilang karapatan bilang matatanda. Sa kanilang edad inaasahan nila ang karapat-dapat na respeto at paggalang mula sa mga nakababatang miyembro ng komunidad. Kung hindi ito maibibigay, nagkakaroon sila ng mabigat na damdamin. Humahantong sila sa pagpapatawad sa pamamagitan ng pagtingin sa higit na positibong pananaw hinggil sa mga bagay-bagay. 

Binubuo ang pagpapatawad ng tatlong mahalagang salik - ang pag-iisip sa pamamagitan ng paniniwala na nagsisisi ang nagkasala, sa pakiramdam na gumaan ang loob at sa pagbabago ng ugali na makikita sa pagpapahayag ng higit na positibong pananaw. Ang modelong ito ay isang pagtatangka na maipaliwanag ang proseso na pinagdaraanan ng mga Pilipino sa pagpapatawad sa iba't ibang yugtong debelopmental. Masasabing isa ito sa mga unang nabuong modelo sa pag-intindi mula sa pinaghuhugutang kundisyon hanggang sa kinahinatnan.

ANG MARKINGS GUERILLAS SA ALAALA NG MGA GERILYANG TAGA MORONG

2012-11-23T06:00:18Z

Kfcandido: New page: M.A. History (Agosto 2012) Analyn B. Muñoz ABSTRACT Sa mabundok na lalawigan ni Rizal, partikular na sa isa sa mga bayan nitong Morong, ay nabuo at kumalat ang Marki...

M.A. History (Agosto 2012) 
Analyn B. Muñoz 

ABSTRACT 

Sa mabundok na lalawigan ni Rizal, partikular na sa isa sa mga bayan nitong Morong, ay nabuo at kumalat ang Marking's Guerillas (MG): yunit-gerilya na nag-ambag ng sigla sa diwang gerilayismo sa noong okupasyong Hapon. Kung isasamapa ang mga teritoryong nahawakan ng mga Marking, ang munisipalidad ng Morong ay mamarkahan bilang pangunahing bayang inialay ang lahat para sa mga gerilya. 

Ang MG, na sa huli ay makikilala sa opisyal na pangalang Marking's Fil-American Irregular Troops (MFA o MFAIT), ay nagkaroon ng tambalang pamunuan ng isang karaniwang tsuper, si Marcos “Marking” Villa Agustin, at ng isang Pilipina-Amerikanang mestisang mamamahayag na si Yay Panlilio. Ang magkataliwas na personalidad nila ay makaaapekto sa dinamikong panloob ng organisasyon. Panghunahin dito ang simpleng pinagmulan at karakter ni 'King na magkakaroon ng repleksyon sa magiging kasapian ng organisasyon lalo na sa Morong. 

Ang probinsiya ni Rizal, bilang dala-dala ang huling pangalan ng ating pambansang bayani, ay tunay namang karapat-dapat sa pagtataglay ng ngalang ito. Noong panahong una, ito ang dating Morong na sa kasalukuyan nga ay isa na lamang sa mga bayang bumubuo rito. Noong kilala pa ito sa tawag na “Morong,” isa na itong lupain ng kabayanihan. Sa Himagsikan ng 1896, ang mga Morongueño ay tinangkilik ang Supremo Andres Bonifacio laban sa mga Espanyol; at higit na tumingkad ang kanilang katapangan sa pakikidigmang gerilya (guerilla wafare) sa Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano (1899-1902) na muling lilitaw sa matinding pagtutol sa imperyalismong Hapon (1941-1945). Lalaki, babae, matanda, o bata man ay makikiisa sa makabayang layunin. Bawat isa ay may mga ispesipikong tungkuling gagawin para sa samahang gerilya. Sa pagwawakas ng digmaan, magiging pinakatampok na laban ng MG ang gagawing pagsagip sa Ipo Dam, pangunahing nagsusuplay ng tubig sa Maynila, na bibihagin ng mga Hapon noong huling taon ng giyera.

In Search of Indigenous People Consent Exploring the Free and Prior Consent Discourse

2012-11-23T05:51:16Z

Kfcandido: New page: M.A. Political Science (October 2012) Maileentta A. Peñalba ABSTRACT The recognition of the indigenous peoples' (IPs) right to participate in decision-making embodi...

M.A. Political Science (October 2012) 
Maileentta A. Peñalba 

ABSTRACT 

The recognition of the indigenous peoples' (IPs) right to participate in decision-making embodied in the principle of free and prior informed consent (FPIC) is guaranteed under various international and national laws in place today. The concept of FPIC, however, is very complex and ambiguous that some scholars say it is very hard to implement faithfully. The failure of the process of securing FPIC in many IP communities around the world is usually attributed to this. This study offers a critical discourse analysis of FPIC with the primary aim of explicating the dominant discourse sets that are produced, consumed and reproduced in the actual practice of FPIC in Philippine indigenous communities. It takes off from the legal formulation of FPIC as free and prior informed consent, as stipulated in Republic Act 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA). FPIC, in principle, gives the IPs who have been historically marginalized an oppurtunity to become actively involved in the process of decision-making. In the process, of FPIC, IPs are supposed to be directly asked to approve or disapprove activities that will be implemented within their ancestral domain. The study focuses on the Cordillera Administrative Region, in general, and Ampucao, Itogon in Benguet, in particular. It describes and analyzes the IPs' interpretation of FPIC in these specific communities. It also presents the current 'social practice' on FPIC in the Philippines which shapes how the state and the IPs construct their respective accounts of the concept and construe the advantages and disadvantages they may derive from its application. The key findings of the study highlight three dominant discourses on FPIC namely, 1) FPIC as fundamental right of the IPs; 2) FPIC as tool or instrument for IPs' self-governance and empowerment; 3) FPIC as 'bureaucratic' requisite or requirement. An emerging discourse is also revealed, that is FPIC as a democratic practice. This emerging discourse is further explored within the framework of deliberative democracy with the hope of exposing how the process of seeking FPIC can become a genuine exercise of IP's self-determination.

Worker Manpower Cooperatives Exploring A Labor Arrangement Associated with Some Measures of Poverty and Well Being

2012-11-23T05:40:10Z

Kfcandido: New page: M.A. Sociology (November 2012) David Arthur Schwartz Abstract The study sought whether the manpower cooperatives model holds advantages for workers over two prevalent ...

M.A. Sociology (November 2012) 
David Arthur Schwartz 

Abstract 

The study sought whether the manpower cooperatives model holds advantages for workers over two prevalent Filipino work models—regular worker and for-profit agency-manpower worker—in terms of the kind of decent work that mat correlate positively with their material well-being—inversely with their poverty situation)—or quality of life as indicated by worker perceptions of well being. The study hopes to do this by comparing the workers representing the three models along different indicators of poverty and well-being: 

The cross-sectional study explored the relationship between the work models and indicators of subjective socioeconomic well being based on dimensions of poverty that included assets, vulnerability, and material and psychological well being derived from definitions of poverty articulated in the World Bank's Voices of the Poor (Narayan et al., 2000), an inductively generated treatise on poverty. It is based on a survey conducted in 2007 with a total of 247 respondents, comprising a non-probability sample of 61 regular workers, 75 for-profit manpower workers, and 111 manpower cooperative workers. 

The findings of the study revealed that being a manpower cooperative worker corresponds significantly with more positive perceptions of well being derived from World Bank poverty definitions than being a for-profit manpower worker, and that manpower cooperative workers scored higher on some perceptions of well being than regular workers. It showed, however that of the three work models, “regular worker” is statistically associated with the most positive perceptions of well being. 

Specific findings include the following. Regarding the poverty dimension “assets,” including “food security” and “salaried employment,” no differences among the work models were found for food security. Cooperative manpower workers, however, indicated more positive perceptions of well being than manpower workers but less positive perceptions than regular workers for “salaried employment.” 

Regarding the poverty dimension “material well being” that includes physical capital, such as land and material belongings; human capital, such as health and medical care, education, training and labor power; and social capital, such as social networks; no differences among the work models were found for physical capital; whereas for human and social capital, cooperative manpower workers indicated more positive perceptions of well being than manpower workers and generally fewer positive perceptions than regular workers. 

Regarding the poverty dimensions “psychological well being, including power and voice, such as feelings of hopefulness and empowerment; “cultural and social norms,” such as shared identity; and vulnerability, such as financial security, access to resources, and psychological impotence, cooperative manpower workers indicated more positive perceptions of well being than manpower workers and generally fewer positive perceptions than regular workers. 

Findings of the study suggest that the manpower worker cooperative model may hold greater advantage over the for-profit manpower model, but less advantage when compared to the regular worker model.